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CAT Reading Comprehension Question Papers 05 |
A clear answer to whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were made use of for expressing abstract universal concepts can be sought in the case of Nahuatl, which like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds. By combining radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.
The tlamatinime ("those who know") were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. The juxtaposed terms, used as metaphor, suggest specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.
According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by
Putting various meaningful elements together in one word
Taking away from a word any reference to particular instances
Turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor
Giving a word a new and opposite meaning
Removing a word from its associations with other words.
Ans : A
It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage that
Metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships
There are many languages that, like Greek or German, allow extensive compounding
The abstract terms of the Nahuatl language are habitually used in poetry
Some record or evidence of the though of the tlamatinime exists
All abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations.
Ans : D
A main purpose of the passage is to
Argue against a theory of poetic expression by citing evidence about the Nahuatl
Delineate the function of the tlamatinime in Nahuatl society
Explore the rich metaphorical heritage the Nahuatl received from the toltecs
Describe some conceptual and aesthetic resources of the Nahuatl language
Explain the abstract philosophy of the Nahuatl thinkers.
Ans : D
Few areas of neuron behavioral research seemed more promising is the early sixties than that investigating the relationship between protein synthesis and learning. The conceptual framework for the research was derived directly from molecular biology, which had shown that genetic information is stored in nucleic acids and expressed in proteins why not acquired information as well.
The first step towards establishing a connection between protein synthesis and learning seemed to be to block memory (cause adhesion) by interrupting the production of proteins. We were fortunate in finding a non lethal dosage of puromycin that could, it first appealed, thoroughly inhibit brain protein synthesis as well as reliability produce amnesia.
Before the actual connection between protein synthesis and learning could be established however we began to have douche about whether inhibition of protein synthesis was in fact the method by which puromycin produced amnesia. First, ocher drugs, glutavimides themselves potent protein synthesis inhibitors either failed to cause amnesia in some situations where it could easily be induced by puromycin or produced an amnesia with a different time course from that of puromycin. Second, puromycin was found to inhabit protein synthesis by breaking certain amino acid chaim, and the resulting fragments were suspected of being the actual cause of amnesia is some eases. Third, puromycin was reported to cause abnormalities in the train, including seizures. Thus, not only were decreased protein synthesis and amnesia dissociated, but alternative mechanism for the amnestic action of puromycin were readily suggested.
So, puromycin turned out to be a disappointment. It came to be regarded as a poor agent for amnesia studies, although, of course, it was poor only in the context of our original paradigm of protein synthesis inhibition. In our frustration, our initial response was simply to change dregs rather than our conceptual orientation. After many such disappointments, however, it now appears unlikely, that we will make a firm connection between protein synthesis and learning merely by pursuing the approaches of the past our experience with drugs has shown that all the amnestic agents, often interfere with memory in ways that seem unrelated to their inhibition of protein synthesis. More importantly, the notion that the interruption or intensification of protein production in the train can be related in cause and affect fashion to learning non seems simplistic and unproductive. Remove the battery from a car and the car will not go Drive the car a long distance at high speed and the battery will become more highly charged. Neither of these facts proves that the battery power the car, only knowledge of the overall automotive system will reveal it mechanism of locomotion and the role of the battery with in the system.
The primary purpose a the passage is to show that extensive experimentation has
Mot supported the hypothesis that learning is directly dependent on protein synthesis
Cast doubt on the value of puromycin in the newer behavioral study of learning
Revealed the importance of amnesia in the neuron behavioral study of learning
Demonstrated the importance of amino acid fragmentation in the induction of amnesia.
Not yet demonstrated the applicability of molecular biology to behavioral research.
Ans : A
According to the passage, neuron behaviorists initially based their belief that protein synthesis was related to learning on which of the following?
Specific research into learning on which of the following
Traditional theories about learning
Historic experiments on the effects puromycin
Previous discoveries in molecular biology
Now technique in protein synthesis.
Ans : D
This passage was most likely excepted from
A book review in a leading journal devoted to genetic research.
A diary kept by a practicing neuron behavioral research
An article summarizing a series of scientific investigations in neuron behavioral research.
A news paper article on recent advances in the biochemistry of learning
A technical article on experimental techniques in the field of molecular biology.
Ans : C
It can be inferred from the passage that after puromycin was perceived to be a disappointment, researches did which of the following?
They continued to experiment with puromycin until a neuron anatomical framework was developed.
They continued to experiment with puromycin, but also tried other protein synthesis inhibitors
They ceased to experiment with puromycin and shifted to other promising protein synthesis inhibitors.
They ceased to experiment with puromycin and reexamined through experiments the relationship between genetic information and acquired information.
They continued to experiment with puromycin, but applied their results to other facts of memory research.
Ans : C
In the example of the car (lines 62-70) the battery is meant to represent which of the following elements in the neuron behavioral research program?
glutarimides
acquired information
puromycin
amnesia
protein synthesis
Ans : E
The passage all of the following as effects of puromycin except
Fragmentation of amino-acid chaim
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Brain seizures
Memory loss
Destruction of genetic information
Ans : E
Which of the following statements would be most likely to come after the last sentences of the passage?
It is important in the future, therefore for behavioral bio- chemist to focus on the several components of the total learning system.
The ambivalent status of current research, however should not deter neuron behaviorists from exploring the deeper connection between protein production and learning.
The failures of the past, however must not impede further research into the amnestic of protein-synthesis inhibitors.
It is important in the future, therefore, for behavioral biochemist to emphasize more strongly place of their specific findings within the overall protein synthesis model of learning.
It is a legacy of this research, therefore, that molecular biology's genetic models have led to disagreement among neuron behaviorists.
Ans : A
In any country, the wages commanded by the laborers who have comparable skills but who work in various industries are determined by the productivity of the least productive unit of labour, i.e. the unit of labour which works in the industry which has catatest economic disadvantages. We will represent the various opportunities of employment in a country like united states by Symbols. A standing for a group of industries in which we have exceptional economic advantage over foreign countries; B for a group in which our advantages are less; E , one in which they are still less; D, the group of industries in which they are the least of all.
When our population is so small that all our labour can be engaged in the group represented by A, productivity of labour and (therefore wages) will be at their maximum. when our population increases so that some of the labour will have to work in group B, the wages of all labour must decline to the level of productivity in that group. But no employer, without government aid, will yet be able to afford to hire labour to exploit the opportunities, represented by E and D, unless there is a further increase in population.
But suppose that the political party in power holds the belief that we should produce everything that we consume, that the opportunities represented by E and D should also be exploited. The commodities, that the industries composing C and D will produce have been hitherto obtained from abroad in exchange for commodities produce by A and B. The government now renders this difficult by imposing high duties upon the former class of commodities. This means that workers in A and B must pay higher prices for what they buy, but do not receive higher prices for what they sell.
After the duty has gone into effect and the prices of commodities that can be produced by C and D have risch sufficiently enterprises will be able to hire labour at the wages prevailing in A and B and establish industries in C and D. So far as the remaining labours in A and B buy the products of C and D ,the difference between the price which they pay for these product and the price they would pay it they were permitted to import those products duty-free is a tax paid not to the government, but to the producers in C and D, to enable the later to remain in business. It is on uncompensated deduction from the natural earnings of the labourers in A and B. nor are the workers in C and D paid as much, estimated in purchasing power as they would have received if they had been allowed to remain in A and B under the earlier conditions.
The authors main point is that
The government ought to subsidize C and D
Wages ought to be independent of international trade
It is impossible to attain national self sufficiency
The varying productivity of the various industries leads tot he inequalities in wages of workers in these industries
A policy that draws labour from the fields of catater natural productiveness to fields of lower natural productiveness tends to redirect purchasing power.
Ans : E
No employer, without government aid will yet be able to afford to hire labour to exploit the opportunities represented by C and D because
The population has increased
Productivity of labour is not at the maximum
Productivity would drop correspondingly with the wages of labour
We cannot produce everything we consume
Enterprises would have to pay wages equivalent to those obtained by workers in A and B while producing under catater disadvantages.
Ans : E
When C and D are established, workers in these industries
Receives wages equal to those workers in A and B
Receives higher wages than do the workers in A and B
Are not affected so adversely by the levying of duties as are workers in A and B
Must be paid by government funds collected from the duties on imports.
Receive lower wages than do the workers in A and B.
Ans : A
We cannot exploit C and D unless
The producers in E and D are compensated for the disadvantages under which they operate.
We export large quantities of commodities produced by A and B
The prices of commodities produced by A and B are raised
The productivity of labour in all industries is increased
We allow duties to be paid to the producers in C and D rather than to the government.
Ans : A
MARK HUGHES is a master of the fine art of survival. His Los Angeles-based Herbalife International Inc. is a pyramid outfit that peddles weight-loss and nutrition concoctions of dubious value. Bad publicity and regulatory crackdowns hurt his U.S. business in the late 1980s. But Hughes, 41, continues to enjoy a luxurious lifestyle in a $20 million Beverly Hills mansion. He has been sharing the pad and a yacht with his third wife, a former Miss Petite U.S.A. He can finance this lavish lifestyle just on his salary and bonus, which last year came to $7.3 million.
He survived his troubles in the U.S. by moving overseas, where regulators are less zealous and consumers even more naive, at least initially. Today 77% of Herbalife retail sales derive from overseas. Its new prowling grounds: Asia and Russia. Last year Herbalife's net earnings doubled, to $45 million, on net sales of $632 million. Based on Herbalife's Nasdaq-traded stock, the company has a market capitalization of $790 million, making Hughes 58% worth $454 million.
There's a worm, though, in Hughes apple. Foreigners aren't stupid. In the end they know when they've been had. In France, for instance, retail sales rose to $97 million by 1993 and then plunged to $12 million last year. In Germany sales hit $159 million in 1994 and have since dropped to $54 million.
Perhaps aware that the world may not provide an infinite supply of suckers, Hughes wanted to unload some of his shares. But in March, after Herbalife's stock collapsed, he put off a plan to dump about a third of his holdings on the public.
Contributing to Hughes' woes, Herbalife's chief counsel and legal attack dog, David Addis, quit in January. Before packing up, he reportedly bellowed at Hughes, "I can't protect you anymore." Addis, who says he wants to spend more time with his family, chuckles and claims attorney-client privilege.
Trouble on the home front, too. On a recent conference call with distributors, Hughes revealed he's divorcing his wife, Suzan, whose beaming and perky image adorns much of Herbalife's literature.
Meanwhile, in a lawsuit that's been quietly moving through Arizona's Superior Court, former Herbalife distributor Daniel Fallow of Sandpoint, Idaho charges that Herbalife arbitrarily withholds payment to distributors and marks up its products over seven times the cost of manufacturing. Fallow also claims Hughes wanted to use the Russian mafia to gain entry to that nation's market.
Fallow himself is no angel, but his lawsuit, which was posted on the Internet, brought out other complaints. Randy Cox of Lewiston, Idaho says Herbalife "destroyed my business" after he and his wife complained to the company that they were being cheated out of their money by higher-ups in the pyramid organization.
Will Hughes survive again? Don't count on it this time.
Herbalife Inc is based in:
Los Angeles
Columbus
New York
Austin
Ans : A
Daniel Fallow:
Was a former attorney for Hughes
Was a former distributor of Herbalife
Co-founded Herbalife
Ran Herbalife's German unit
Ans : B
Which of the following countries is mentioned where Hughes operated Herbalife?
India
China
Germany
Ukraine
Ans : C
The complaint of Randy Cox of Lewiston, Idaho, against Herbalife was:
The company did not pay them their dues
The products supplied by Hughes were inferior
Their higher-ups in the pyramid cheated them
Hughes had connections with the Russian mafia
Ans : C
Which of the following countries is NOT mentioned in the passage?
Russia
USA
France
Italy
Ans : D
In the year in which Hughes' salary and bonuses came to US$ 7.3 million, what was the retail sales for Herbalife in France?
$12 million
$159 million
$54 million
$97 million
Ans : A
At the time when this article was written, if Herbalife had had a market capitalisation of $ 1 billion, what would have been Hughes' share?
$420 million
$580 million
$125 million
$500 million
Ans : B
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